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Unix Power Tools

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Index: F

factorial functions: 29.11.4. Functions Calling Functions: Factorials
failure of commands, indication in exit status: 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes
false (exit status) utility: 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes
false values in Perl: 41.5.1. Scalars
fast find commands
database for: 9.20. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database
databases for: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases
matching shell wildcards: 9.19. Wildcards with "Fast find" Database
"fat comma" operator (=>): 41.5.3. Hashes
fc command
-e option, starting editor and loading file with recent history: 30.7. History by Number
-l option, listing previous commands: 30.7. History by Number
fg command: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell
23.2.2. Using Job Control from Your Shell
job numbers, supplying to: 23.3. Using jobs Effectively
fgrep command: 9.21. grepping a Directory Tree
13.1. Different Versions of grep
running on RCS files: 13.7.1. rcsgrep, rcsegrep, rcsfgrep
fgrep command (fixed grep), -f option: 13.5. grepping for a List of Patterns
fi statements: 35.13. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
fi unexpected error: 37.1.4. Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.
fields
in crontab entries: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
cutting: 21.14. Cutting Columns or Fields
separating with : (colon): 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
sort command: 22.2. Sort Fields: How sort Sorts
changing delimiter: 22.3. Changing the sort Field Delimiter
fignore shell variable: 28.7. Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion
file access mode (see permissions)
file descriptors: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
closing: 24.19. Why You Can't Kill a Zombie
files currently pointing to, viewing: 24.9.3. Statistics of the Current Process
manipulation by exec command: 36.5. The exec Command
open files and: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
shell redirecation capabilities: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
standard error or stderr: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
standard input or stdin: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
standard output or stdout: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
redirecting: 36.16. n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error
file permissions (see permissions)
file protection mode, supplying for directories: 7.8. Making Directories Made Easier
file protocol (URI types): 40.6.1. Configuring the sources.list File
file utility: 12.6. Finding File Types
File::Find module (Perl): 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links
filehandles in Perl: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
filenames: 7.6. Naming Files
changing with rename function (Perl): 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
completion by shells: 28.1. What's Special About the Unix Command Line
28.6.1. General Example: Filename Completion
conventions: 1.11. Filenames
converting form uppercase to lowercase: 21.11. Hacking on Characters with tr
ending with ~: 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
executable vs. source: 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias
extensions for: 1.12. Filename Extensions
finding with cat command: 1.4. Communication with Unix
links and: 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names
path name components, stripping with basename: 36.13.1. Introduction to basename and dirname
special characters, quoting in C shell: 27.14. Quoting Special Characters in Filenames
stripped from pathnames: 36.13.1. Introduction to basename and dirname
symbols in: 35.20.1. With the "$@" Parameter
whitespace in: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
wildcards for: 33.1. File-Naming Wildcards
failing to match: 33.4. What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?
file's name and extension as separate entities: 33.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
grep -l command, listing matching files: 33.6. Getting a List of Matching Files with grep -l
listing of: 33.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
nom script, listing nonmatching files: 33.8. nom: List Files That Don't Match a Wildcard
pathnames, not using in: 33.5. Maybe You Shouldn't Use Wildcards in Pathnames
shell handling of: 33.3. Who Handles Wildcards?
vgrep script, listing nonmatching files: 33.7.2. The vgrep Script
files: 1.19. When Is a File Not a File?
appending to existing with vi editor: 17.12. Appending to an Existing File
backing up: 1.12. Filename Extensions
38.1. What Is This "Backup" Thing?
excluding from: 38.9. On-Demand Incremental Backups of a Project
vi editor, macro for: 18.14. File-Backup Macros
backup and auto-save, Emacs: 19.4. Backup and Auto-Save Files
binary, searching: 13.15. Finding Words Inside Binary Files
comparing
cmp program, using: 11.7. cmp and diff
diff commands, using: 11.1. Checking Differences with diff
make program, using: 11.10. make Isn't Just for Programmers!
compressing: 15.6. Compressing Files to Save Space
copying from subdirectories to single directory: 36.18. Shell Scripts On-the-Fly from Standard Input
counting number in a directory: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
creating, using wildcards: 28.3. Use Wildcards to Create Files?
deleted, archiving on tape: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
directory contents, explanation of: 10.2. What's Really in a Directory?
Emacs editor, viewing and manipulating in: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
empty: 43.12. What Can You Do with an Empty File?
emptying: 15.2. Instead of Removing a File, Empty It
finding: 8.1. Everything but the find Command
access times: 8.2. The Three Unix File Times
by age and size: 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size
change and modification times: 8.2. The Three Unix File Times
counting by types: 8.13. Counting Files by Types
GNU ls command, features of: 8.7. Some GNU ls Features
8.8. A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files
listing subdirectories with ls -R: 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
newest file, printing name of: 8.15. newer: Print the Name of the Newest File
nonprintable characters in filenames, showing: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames
oldest or newest with ls -t or ls -u: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
showing hidden files with ls -a or ls -A: 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a
spaces in filenames: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
symbolic links, unconnected: 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links
type of file in each directory, listing with ls -F: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
unique filenames, picking automatically: 8.17. Picking a Unique Filename Automatically
finding with find command (see find command)
hosts.equiv: 6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
inodes: 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
linking: 10.3. Files with Two or More Names
creating and removing links: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
directories, linking: 10.7. Linking Directories
directory, links to: 10.4.2. Links to a Directory
filenames for symbolic links: 10.8. Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links
links, types of: 10.4. More About Links
reasons for: 10.3. Files with Two or More Names
stale symbolic links: 10.6. Stale Symbolic Links
lockfiles: 36.27. Shell Lockfile
modification by attackers, checking for: 48.7. Intruder Detection
names for (see filenames)
newly created, setting default mode in unmask: 49.4. Setting an Exact umask
old and new version, saving with vi editor: 17.10. Keep Your Original File, Write to a New File
open, and file descriptors: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
overwriting accidentally: 27.4. Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files
ownership of (see ownership, file)
packing up and moving (see archives)
permissions for (see permissions)
printing: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
(see also printing)
shortcut for: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
Python, opening, closing and reading: 42.3.5. I/O and Formatting
reading to/writing from: 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
43.3. Send (Only) Standard Error Down a Pipe
recovering with vi -r command: 17.19. vi File Recovery Versus Networked Filesystems
recovered buffers, cautions about: 17.20. Be Careful with vi -r Recovered Buffers
remote, copying to local system: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
removing (see deleting removing files rm command)
renaming
copying or comparing set of: 10.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
interactively: 10.10. Renaming a List of Files Interactively
saving part of with vi editor: 17.11. Saving Part of a File
searching
by column, using awk: 13.13. Finding a Character in a Column
with grep commands: 13.1. Different Versions of grep
look program: 13.14. Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"
rcsgrep script: 13.7. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep
security (see security)
showing contents of: 12.1. Cracking the Nut
cat -v or od -c, showing nonprinting characters: 12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c
cat command: 12.2. What Good Is a cat?
displaying end with tail command: 12.8. How to Look at the End of a File: tail
file types, finding: 12.6. Finding File Types
head, displaying beginning with: 12.12. Printing the Top of a File
less and more pagers: 12.3. "less" is More
numbering lines: 12.13. Numbering Lines
squashing extra blank lines with cat -s: 12.7. Squash Extra Blank Lines
size of
batch editing and: 20.8. Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Fail on Big Files
limiting: 15.5. Limiting File Sizes
splitting by context (csplit): 21.10. Splitting Files by Context: csplit
switching among with vi editor: 17.3. Editing Multiple Files with vi
temporary: 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
handling text with: 28.15. Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files
testing: 35.26. test: Testing Files and Strings
uncompressing: 35.17. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
filesystem check (fsck) program: 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS): 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
web site information on: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
filesystems: 44.5. Filesystem Types and /etc/fstab
navigating Unix filesystem: 31.1. Getting Around the Filesystem
cd, speeding up with aliases: 31.9. Quick cds with Aliases
changing directories: 31.5. Saving Time When You Change Directories: cdpath
changing directories with c (shell function): 31.10. cd by Directory Initials
current directory: 31.3. What Good Is a Current Directory?
current directory, finding: 31.4. How Does Unix Find Your Current Directory?
directories, automatic setup when entering/exiting: 31.13. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
home directory, finding (for anyone): 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
loop control, break and continue: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue
marking your place with shell variable: 31.12. Marking Your Place with a Shell Variable
relative and absolute pathnames: 31.2. Using Relative and Absolute Pathnames
shell pushd and popd commands: 31.7. The Shells' pushd and popd Commands
NFS and SMBFS, mounting: 44.9. Mounting Network Filesystems — NFS, SMBFS
Perl functions for: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
/proc: 24.9. The /proc Filesystem
removable, mounting/unmounting: 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems
synchronizing with rsync program: 20.6. Change Many Files by Editing Just One
for USBs: 44.12. USB Configuration
filtering text through Unix commands
fmt command: 18.5. Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi
greps: 13.10. Compound Searches
filters: 1.5. Programs Are Designed to Work Together
36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
apsfilter: 45.17. Converting Source Files Automagically Within the Spooler
for graphics: 45.19. The Portable Bitmap Package
grep command as: 13.2. Searching for Text with grep
lpd daemon, running files through: 45.9.2. Printing to Windows Printers from Unix
find command: 9.1. How to Use find
$( ) operator, used with: 36.24. Nested Command Substitution
-atime operator, locating files based on last access time: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
-exec operator
creating custom tests: 9.10. Using -exec to Create Custom Tests
large recursive greps, using for: 9.11. Custom -exec Tests Applied
-exec option: 50.6. The Handy chmod = Operator
-inum operator: 14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number
-mtime operator: 9.5. Searching for Old Files
-name operator: 9.4. Looking for Files with Particular Names
-newer option, using in incremental file backups: 38.9. On-Demand Incremental Backups of a Project
-nouser or -nogroup operators: 9.16. Searching by Owner and Group
-ok option: 14.5. Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes
-perm operator: 9.15. Searching for Files by Permission
-prune operator: 9.25. Finding Files with -prune
14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number
quick find in current directory: 9.26. Quick finds in the Current Directory
-size operator: 9.14. Searching for Files by Size
-type operator: 9.13. Searching for Files by Type
-user and -group operators: 9.16. Searching by Owner and Group
clearing out unneeded files with: 14.19. Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files
cpio operator
archiving deleted files on tape: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
directory tree, delving through: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
duplicating a directory tree: 9.17. Duplicating a Directory Tree
fast find commands: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
database for: 9.20. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database
matching shell wildcards: 9.19. Wildcards with "Fast find" Database
fast find databases, using: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases
features and basic operators: 9.1. How to Use find
filename-matching patterns: 32.2. Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards
files for compression: 15.9. Compressing a Directory Tree: Fine-Tuning
files you own with wrong permissions: 50.2.1. User, Group, and World
finding many things with one command: 9.12. Finding Many Things with One Command
grepping a directory tree: 9.21. grepping a Directory Tree
hard links to a file, finding: 9.24. Finding the (Hard) Links to a File
lookfor script, using in: 9.22. lookfor: Which File Has That Word?
loops using: 36.13.2. Use with Loops
maxdepth operator: 14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number
modified files, checking for: 48.7. Intruder Detection
networked filesystem, preventing from searching: 9.28. Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem
old files, searching for: 9.5. Searching for Old Files
operators: 13.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match
regex and iregex options: 32.2. Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards
running commands on results: 9.9. Running Commands on What You Find
search operators: 9.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators
skipping parts of directory tree: 9.27. Skipping Parts of a Tree in find
time operators (-mtime, -atime, and -ctime): 9.7. The Times That find Finds
exact file-time comparisons: 9.8. Exact File-Time Comparisons
unconnected symbolic links, finding: 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links
xargs command, using with: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
-exec option
changing permissions for directory tree: 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
finding
current directory: 31.4. How Does Unix Find Your Current Directory?
file types: 12.6. Finding File Types
home directory (for anyone): 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
findpt alias: 13.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match
firewalls: 46.12. Firewalls
gateways functioning as: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
fixed dynamic addresses: 46.10. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
fixed grep (see fgrep command)
fixed length records, converting to/from variable-length records: 21.13. Text Conversion with dd
flags, displaying current: 3.4.2. Interactive Shells
flavors of Unix: 1.3. The Core of Unix
floating-point numbers
Perl data type: 41.5. Perl Boot Camp, Part 2: Variables and Data Types
sort command and: 22.5. Alphabetic and Numeric Sorting
floppies: 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems
backing up to: 38.5.3. Backing Up to Floppies or Zip Disks
loopback mounts: 44.7. Loopback Mounts
flow-control operators for loops (in Perl): 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
fmt command: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
-p option, reformatting program source code: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
21.4. Clean Up Program Comment Blocks
21.4.2. fmt -p
-tuw options: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
disk initializer command: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
ending punctuation for sentences and: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
filtering text from vi editor through: 18.5. Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi
filtering vi text through: 17.28. Neatening Lines
reformatting fortune with: 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window
fmtarg variable (xmessage utility): 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window
fmt.sh script: 21.3. Alternatives to fmt
fold utility: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
font resource (xterm): 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font
5.18. Changing Fonts Dynamically
fonts
default: 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font
selecting: 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font
xterm, changing dynamically: 5.18. Changing Fonts Dynamically
VT Fonts menu: 5.18.1. VT Fonts Menu
xterm, VT Fonts menu: 5.17. The xterm Menus
5.17. The xterm Menus
for command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
for loops: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
28.12. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts
41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
break and continue commands in: 35.23. Loop Control: break and continue
break and continue, controlling with: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue
command-line arguments, handling with: 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
35.22. Handling Arguments with while and shift
commands, varying while repeating: 28.8. Repeating Commands
28.9.2. A for Loop
here documents, using to print form letters: 28.13. Here Document Example #1: Unformatted Form Letters
in command-line arguments: 35.20.2. With a Loop
with multiple variables: 36.12. Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables
sed scripts, use in: 34.4. Testing and Using a sed Script: checksed, runsed
standard input, stepping through: 36.11. Standard Input to a for Loop
wildcards, using with: 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
forcing file removal/moving without warnings: 50.7. Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable
foreach loop: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
foreach loops: 28.12. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts
commands, varying while repeating: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
iterating through arrays: 41.5.2. Arrays
iterating through list elements: 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
foreground color: 8.6.2. Configuring It
foreground jobs
interrupting with notification of state change in background job: 23.9. Stop Background Output with stty tostop
killing: 24.11. Killing Foreground Jobs
nice command and: 26.6. A nice Gotcha
foreground processes: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell
process group and: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
fork system call: 24.2. fork and exec
27.2. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
processes forking out of control: 24.17. Processes Out of Control? Just STOP Them
format, tape drives: 38.5.2. Backing Up to Tape
formatted manpage files: 2.4. Searching Online Manual Pages
formatting, markup languages for: 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On
formatting Python output: 42.3.5. I/O and Formatting
Fortran program source file extension: 1.12. Filename Extensions
fpath array (zsh): 29.13.2. FPATH Search Path
FPATH environment variable: 29.13.2. FPATH Search Path
29.13.2. FPATH Search Path
Korn shell: 29.13.2.1. Korn shell
zsh shell: 29.13.2.2. zsh
29.13.2.2. zsh
free disk space, checking with df: 26.1. Timing Is Everything
free memory, information about: 24.9.1. Memory Information
Free Software Foundation website: 39.4. Managing and Sharing Files with RCS and CVS
FreeBSD: 1.3. The Core of Unix
sections, searching in manpages: 2.1. The man Command
FreeBSD Unix
disk partitions: 44.4. Disk Partitioning
enabling gatewaying: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
ifconfig file output: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
inetd.conf file: 46.5. The Director of Operations: inetd
info command: 2.9. The info Command
installing software with FreeBSD packages: 40.10. Installing with FreeBSD Packages
kernel boot output for devices: 44.2. Reading Kernel Boot Output
OpenSSH: 51.3. Free SSH with OpenSSH
serial consoles: 44.14. Decapitating Your Machine — Serial Consoles
single user mode: 49.3. Forgetting the root Password
software installation with FreeBSD Ports: 40.9. Installation with FreeBSD Ports
software installation with Ports system: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
strings utility, searching for words in binary files: 13.15. Finding Words Inside Binary Files
swapinfo utility: 48.6.2. Checking Swap Space
fsck (filesystem check) program: 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons
-fstype operator (find command): 9.28. Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem
FTP
anonymous ftp: 27.16. Here Documents
anonymous FTP server, configuring: 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server
Emacs facility for: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
ftp program: 1.21. Unix Networking and Communications
ftp protocol (URI types): 40.6.1. Configuring the sources.list File
securing with port forwarding: 51.7. Server and Client Problems
function keys, mapping in vi: 18.2.1. Command Mode Maps
functional programming languages, functions in: 42.3.2. Functions
functions
@-functions, vi editor: 18.4. vi @-Functions
combining: 18.4.2. Combining @-Functions
defining and using simple: 18.4.1. Defining and Using Simple @-Functions
newlines in: 18.4.4. Newlines in an @-Function
reusing definition: 18.4.3. Reusing a Definition
buffer overflow, causing: 48.4. What We Mean by Buffer Overflow
built-in editor functions, tcsh: 30.14.3. tcsh Editing
C language, boundary checking: 48.4. What We Mean by Buffer Overflow
Perl
exit( ): 41.4. Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy
filesystem: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
hash functions: 41.5.3. Hashes
print: 41.5.1. Scalars
Python: 42.3.2. Functions
anonymous, creating: 42.3.2. Functions
class methods: 42.3.3. Everything's an Object
defining: 42.3.2. Functions
shell: 1.9. Internal and External Commands
27.9. Which One Will bash Use?
29.11. Shell Function Basics
(see also shell functions)
tar utility: 39.2. Using tar to Create and Unpack Archives


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